在托福阅读中，理解并列逻辑关系至关重要。本文将详细讲解托福阅读中常见的并列逻辑关系，并通过实际例题分析如何高效利用并列逻辑。
一、托福阅读常见并列逻辑关系词
并列逻辑是指作者在阐述多个平行或相互独立的观点、事实或现象时,使用连接词或相似的行文结构将它们罗列出来。可以帮助读者快速了解文章所列举的不同方面或要点。
托福阅读比较常见的并列逻辑关系词有以下这些：
表示多个观点/事件并存或同时发生：
and, also,too ,as well as,meanwhile, meantime, at the same time, along with, together,both,among
表示多个选择：
or, either… or, some…others,on the one hand… on the other hand
表示递进/程度加深：
further, moreover, what is more, furthermore
表示顺序列举：
first, second, third, finally
二、托福阅读并列关系的实际应用
1.句子简化题
Sea turtles’ eggs are laid at night to minimize the likelihood of their discovery by predators, and the offspring, when ready to emerge from their eggshells and dig their way out of the sand, hatch at night for the same reason.
Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage？Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information
A.Sea turtle eggs are laid at night and hatch at night for the same reason.
B.To minimize the likelihood of their discovery by predators, sea turtle hatchlings dig their way out of the sand at night.
C.To minimize the likelihood of discovery by predators, sea turtle eggs are laid and hatch at night.
D.Eggs that laid at night and offspring that emerge from the eggs at night are less likely to be discovered by predators.
首先我们一起来看下原句，and并列了夜间发生的2类行为：eggs are laid和the offspring hatch。并且其共同原因是最小化被掠食者发现的概率。
四个选项中，
A仅重复“产卵和孵化在夜间”，但未明确说明“共同原因”是什么，信息不完整，错误。
B只强调sea turtle hatchlings，遗漏了eggs are laid的关键信息，错误。
D less likely 对比关系原文没有，错误。
C完整概括“产卵和孵化均在夜间”及“共同原因”（躲避掠食者），是正确选项。
2.否定事实信息题
否定事实信息题往往针对段落中提到的3-4个并列信息出题。比如这道题中：
In view of these facts, scientists hypothesized that a single large asteroid, about 10 to 15 kilometers across, collided with Earth, and the resulting fallout created the boundary clay. Their calculations show thatthe impact① kicked up a dust cloud that cut off sunlight for several months, inhibiting photosynthesis in plants; ②decreased surface temperatures on continents to below freezing; ③caused extreme episodes of acid rain; and ④significantly raised long-term global temperatures through the greenhouse effect.This disruption of food chain and climate would have eradicated the dinosaurs and other organisms in less than fifty years.
Paragraph 6 mentions all of the following effects of the hypothesized asteroid collision EXCEPT
A.a large dust cloud that blocked sunlight
B.an immediate drop in the surface temperatures of the continents
C.an extreme decrease in rainfall on the continents
D.a long-term increase in global temperatures
根据题目设问，我们需要找到原文中对于假设的小行星撞击效应的叙述，再去跟选项一一匹配。
可以看出，A选项对应kicked up a dust cloud that cut off sunlight for several months,B选项对应decreased surface temperatures on continents to below freezing，C选项decrease in rainfall 的表述和原文caused extreme episodes of acid rain对不上， D选项对应 raised long-term global temperatures 。所以这道题要选需要排除的，也就是C。
3.事实信息题
The question of ecosystem stability is complicated, however.// The first problem is that ecologists do not all agree what "stability" means. Stability can be defined as simply lack of change. In that case, the climax community would be considered the most stable, since, by definition, it changes the least over time.// Alternatively, stability can be defined as the speed with which an ecosystem returns to a particular form following a major disturbance, such as a fire. This kind of stability is also called resilience. In that case, climax communities would be the most fragile and the least stable, since they can require hundreds of years to return to the climax state.
According to paragraph 4, which of the following is true of climax communities?
A.They are more resilient than pioneer communities.
B.They can be considered both the most and the least stable communities.
C.They are stable because they recover quickly after major disturbances.
D.They are the most resilient communities because they change the least over time.
👉这一段的核心观点：
稳定性（stability）有两种定义：
（1）缺乏变化 → 顶极群落最稳定（因变化最少）；
（2）恢复力（resilience） → 顶极群落最不稳定（因恢复最慢）。
👉选项分析：
B 并列总结了两种定义结论，正确。
A选项的比较关系原文没提，C和D都错误理解了resilience的定义，需要恢复的时间长，错误。所以答案是B。
4.推断题
To South Americans, robins are birds that fly north every spring. To North Americans, the robins simply vacation in the south each winter. Furthermore, they fly to very specific places in South America and will often come back to the same trees in North American yards the following spring. //The question is not why they would leave the cold of winter so much as how they find their way around. The question perplexed people for years, until, in the 1950s, a German scientist named Gustave Kramer provided some answers and, in the process, raised new questions.
Which of the following can be inferred about bird migration from paragraph 1?
A.Birds will take the most direct migratory route to their new habitat.
B.The purpose of migration is to join with larger groups of birds.
C.Bird migration generally involves moving back and forth between north and south.
D.The destination of birds' migration can change from year to year.
这一段主要论述了 robins的迁移路线，以及人们对robins如何找到路的困惑与解答。
其中迁移路线提到了：
（1）南美人视角：“向北飞”（春季迁徙）；
（2）北美人视角：“去南方过冬”（冬季迁徙）；
（3）迁徙路线固定（返回同一棵树）。
从而可以推断出C选项：迁徙是南北往返的周期性行为。
5.句子插入题
Most savannas probably experience mild fires frequently and major burns every two years or so. Many savanna and dry-forest plant species are called pyrophytes, meaning they are adapted in various ways to withstand occasional burning. Frequent fire is a factor to which rain forest species seem unable to adapt, although ancient charcoal remains from Amazon forest soils dating prior to the arrival of humans suggest that moist forests also occasionally burn. Experiments suggest that if fire did not occur in savannas in the Americas, species composition would change significantly. When burning occurs, it prevents competition among plant species from progressing to the point where some species exclude others, reducing the overall diversity of the ecosystem. But in experimental areas protected from fire, a few perennial grass species eventually come to dominate, outcompeting all others. [■]Evidence from other studies suggests that exclusion of fire results in markedly decreased plant-species richness, often with an increase in tree density. [■]There is generally little doubt that fire is a significant factor in maintaining savanna, certainly in most regions.
[■]On certain sites, particularly in South America, savanna formation seems related to frequent cutting and burning of moist forests for pastureland. [■]Increase in pastureland and subsequent overgrazing have resulted in an expansion of savanna. The thin upper layer of humus (decayed organic matter) is destroyed by cutting and burning. Humus is necessary for rapid decomposition of leaves by bacteria and fungi and for recycling by surface roots. Once the humus layer disappears, nutrients cannot be recycled and leach from the soil, converting soil from fertile to infertile and making it suitable only for savanna vegetation. Forests on white, sandy soil are most susceptible to permanent alteration.
Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.Where would the sentence best fit?
In addition, humans have contributed to the conditions favoring the formation of savannas.
A.
B.
C.
D.
插入句中的线索词In addition题型我们需要跟前文的表述有并列。对应第三空格，前文在讲fires对savannas的影响。后文紧接人类活动的具体例子，插入句作为总起句。
三、总结
可以看出，并列逻辑是托福阅读中理解多个观点或信息的重要解题线索。掌握这些常见的并列逻辑关系词并理解它们在不同题型中的运用，将帮助我们更好地把握文章脉络，快速定位信息，从而提高解题的准确性和效率。希望考生在备考过程中多加练习，提高对并列关系的敏感度。
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