在托福阅读中，很多同学们经常看漏或者理解偏差文本中的举例逻辑关系。本文将通过实际例题分析如何高效利用举例逻辑。
一、托福阅读常见举例逻辑关系词
我们先来看看，在托福阅读中，会有哪些词提示我们这里有举例关系呢？
for example, for instance/ instances, to demonstrate, namely, that is, such as, specially, in other words, especially, in fact, in particular, case/in this case, e.g., as an illustration, particularly, like…
划重点：
这些词后紧跟的往往是对前文抽象概念的具象化解释，解题时需明确例子服务于哪个观点。
二、托福阅读举例关系的实际应用
1. 句子简化题
在句子简化题中，举例逻辑常常是作为干扰（错误）选项出现。比如这道题：
By now, their numbers have undoubtedly grown even more, as they have continued to expand into new habitats where they were once either rare or absent, such as sandy prairies, deserts, coastal marshes, and mountains.
1.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
A.Raccoons are growing more numerous even though they must continue to find new habitats.
B.Raccoons are now undoubtedly present in areas where they were once rare or absent.
C.Raccoons have found prairies, deserts, coastal marshes, and mountains to be excellent habitats to expand into.
D.The numbers of raccoons must be even greater today because raccoons have continued to expand into new habitats.√
C选项是对原文such as举例细节的放大，遗漏核心信息，排除。而原句的表达重点是因果关系。【结果】Raccoons的数量变得越来越多，【原因】因为他们不断拓展栖息地。A选项，逻辑错误，原文无even though的转折逻辑关系；B选项遗漏原文因果逻辑，均排除。正确选项是D选项。
2. 推断题
在推断题中，一种常见的推断思路是利用整体（普遍）和部分（个例）的关系。比如这道题：
Even the kind of stability defined as simple lack of change is not always associated with maximum diversity. At least in temperate zones, maximum diversity is often found in mid-successional stages, not in the climax community. Once a redwood forest matures, for example, the kinds of species and the number of individuals growing on the forest floor are reduced. In general, diversity, by itself, does not ensure stability.
Mathematical models of ecosystems likewise suggest that diversity does not guarantee ecosystem stability-just the opposite, in fact. A more complicated system is, in general, more likely than a simple system to break down. A fifteen-speed racing bicycle is more likely to break down than a child's tricycle.
Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 5 about redwood forests?
A.They become less stable as they mature.
B.They support many species when they reach climax.
C.They are found in temperate zones.√
D.They have reduced diversity during mid-successional stages.
原文中，redwood forests是作为例子出现的。先说在温带地区（temperate zones），生态系统的最大多样性出现在中期演替阶段（mid-successional stages），而非顶级群落（climax community）。接下来举例红杉林（redwood forests），具体说明这一规律：红杉林成熟后（即成为顶级群落时），林下物种的种类和数量减少。暗示红杉林属于温带地区。对应C选项。
3. 修辞目的题
修辞目的题需抓住“例子证明什么观点”，而非例子本身的内容。比如这道题：
But neither the human imitative instinct nor a penchant for fantasy by itself leads to an autonomous theater. Therefore, additional explanations are needed. One necessary condition seems to be a somewhat detached view of human problems.
For example, one sign of this condition is the appearance of the comic vision, since comedy requires sufficient detachment to view some deviations from social norms as ridiculous rather than as serious threats to the welfare of the entire group.
Another condition that contributes to the development of autonomous theater is the emergence of the aesthetic sense. For example, some early societies ceased to consider certain rites essential to their well-being and abandoned them; nevertheless, they retained as parts of their oral tradition the myths that had grown up around the rites and admired them for their artistic qualities rather than for their religious usefulness.
Why does the author mention ”comedy"?
A.To give an example of early types of theater
B.To explain how theater helps a society respond to threats to its welfare
C.To help explain why detachment is needed for the development of theater√
D.To show how theatrical performers become detached from other members of society
comedy所在句子的句首为for example，构成了明显的举例关系。我们需要明确这个例子所证明的观点，也就是前文的detached view，对应C选项。
4. 句子插入题
Second, primary groups are fundamental because they provide the settings in which we meet most of our personal needs. ■Within them, we experience companionship, love, security, and an overall sense of well-being.
■Not surprisingly, sociologists find that the strength of a group's primary ties has implications for the group's functioning. ■For example, the stronger the primary group ties of a sports team playing together, the better their record is.■
Look at the four squares ■ that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit?
People who do not live alone, for example, tend to make healthier life choices and develop fewer pathologies than people who live by themselves.
Where would be the sentence best fit? Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage.
A.
B.√
C.
D.
插入句是一个具体的举例，我们需要看看它能跟原文的哪个观点对应上。A选项后面Within them指代前文的Primary groups，插入在这里不合适，排除；C，D位置的话，example重复，而且插入句也没有体现the strength of a group's primary ties，排除。放在B位置，tend to make healthier life choices and develop fewer pathologies对应前文提到的an overall sense of well-being。所以这道题我们选择B选项。
三、总结
可以看出，举例逻辑是我们在托福阅读备考过程中需要重点培养的思维方式。通过定位信号词，我们可以快速锁定例子与观点的从属关系，区分信息主次。在题型专项突破方面，句子简化题需要排除过度细节化选项，保留观点概括。推断题根据段落论述尝试从整体共性推断部分的情况。修辞目的题需要精准关联例子与论点的对应。插入题则需要寻找"观点句+例子"的逻辑缺口。
备考建议：
可以尝试以下步骤，结合专项练习题进行巩固训练：
① 标出所有举例逻辑词；
② 用箭头连接例子与对应观点；
③ 总结错误选项特征。
本文作者
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