GRE阅读Passage 31
Scientific consensus is that humans first began to have a warming effect on Earth’s climate within the past century, after coal-burning factories, power plants, and motor vehicles began releasing carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gases in significant quantities into the air. However, evidence suggests that human agricultural activities may have had such an effect much earlier: concentrations of CO2 started rising about 8000 years ago, even though natural trends indicate they should have been dropping; methane levels rose similarly about 3,000 years later. Without these rises, however, current temperatures in northern parts of North America and Europe would be cooler by three to four degrees Celsius-enough to inhibit agriculture-and an ice age would probably have begun several thousand years ago in northeastern Canada.文章解析
白话版讲解:
科学界的一致观点是人类的活动从上世纪才开始对全球气候变暖有贡献(起作用)。从上世纪开始,才出现了烧煤的工厂、发电厂、机动车等,这些东西向空气中排放大量二氧化碳和其他温室气体。但是,有证据表明,人类其实比上世纪早很久就开始的农耕活动也会产生温室气体,也会导致温室效应,所以人类很早以前就开始对全球气候变暖有贡献了,不是从上世纪才开始有贡献(起作用)。从大约八千年前开始,二氧化碳的浓度就开始升高了(如果地球上没有人,只根据natural trends的话,二氧化碳浓度应该从大约八千年前开始降低)。与二氧化碳的情况相似,甲烷也是从大约五千年前就开始升高了。如果不是二氧化碳和甲烷一起保持升高了几千年,现在地球北美洲北部和欧洲应该要实际情况要低三至四摄氏度——低这三至四摄氏度,足以对农业产生阻碍了(低这三至四摄氏度,北美洲北部和欧洲现在就不太好种地了);如果不是二氧化碳和甲烷一起保持升高了几千年,加拿大的东北部很可能会在几千年前进入一个冰河时代(冰河期)。题目解析
1. Which of the following best describes the function of the highlighted sentence? A. It undermines the assumption that human activity has had a significant impact on Earth’s climate. B. It supports the assumption that Earth’s temperatures have risen appreciably over the past 100 years. C. It questions the assumption that greenhouse gases have had a warming effect on Earth’s climate. D. It challenges the assumption that human activity began to affect Earth’s climate after the advent of industrialization. E. It supports the assumption that greenhouse gases are a direct by-product of industrial activities.白话版讲解:
问高亮显示句的修辞功能。 A“削弱一个臆断,该臆断认为人类行为对地球气候有很大的影响” B“支持一个臆断,该臆断认为地球温度在过去一百年大幅上升” C“质疑一个臆断,该臆断认为温室效应气体一直以来对地球产生了让地球气候变暖的影响” D“质疑一个臆断,该臆断认为人类活动在工业化时代到来后才开始影响地球气候” E“支持一个臆断,该臆断认为,温室效应气体是(人类)工业活动的一个副产品” 找到句子的关键:“much earlier”,可以选出正确选项D。这句话就是提出质疑:“开始的时间不对”。 注解: “assumption”这个单词,有时候适合翻译为“前提假设”或“前设”,有时候适合翻译为“臆断”,一般不要翻译成“假设”,翻译成“假设”容易和hypothesis混淆。 assumption的意思是“(无证据的)假定;臆断” a thing that is accepted as true or as certain to happen, without proof 例句1: They made certain assumptions about the market. 他们对市场做了一些推测(臆断)。 例句2: We're working on the assumption that the time of death was after midnight. 我们正按死亡时间在午夜以后的前提假设开展工作(死亡时间具体还搞不清楚,先假定死亡时间在午夜以后,在这个前提假设下,往下一步调查和推理)。 本题答案:D 2. The author mentions “natural trends” most likely in order to A. propose a possible explanation for why current temperatures in North America and Europe are not as low as they might otherwise be. B. explain why levels of methane in Earth’s atmosphere began to rise approximately 5,000 years ago. C. suggest that Earth’s climate would have become even warmer without the advent of human agricultural activities. D. identify factors that may have contributed to the rise of greenhouse gases in Earth’s atmosphere approximately 8,000 years ago and again some 3,000 years later. E. support the claim that human activity may have played a role in the rise in CO2 and methane levels in the atmosphere thousands of years ago.白话版讲解:
问作者提到“natural trends”是为了……? A“北美和欧洲现在气温本来可以更低,但现在的气温实际没有那么低,这是为什么,作者提到natural trends是想解释一下这个问题” B“解释为什么地球大气中的甲烷浓度大约在5000年前开始上升了” C“暗示如果不是人类开始农业活动,现在的地球气温比实际还会更高” D“指出几个因素,这几个因素对地球约8000年前和约5000年前温室气体升高有贡献” E“支持一个观点,该观点认为人类活动可能对几千年前大气中二氧化碳和甲烷含量的升高起了作用” 作者提到natural trends,是相对unnatural说的,也就是相对人的活动来说的。Natural trends所在的那句话整句话的意思是“从大约八千年前开始,二氧化碳的浓度就开始升高了(如果地球上没有人,只根据natural trends的话,二氧化碳浓度应该从大约八千年前开始降低)”。也就是说认为人起了作用,逆转了natural trends。所以E选项正确。 本题答案:ETD福利 & 领取方式
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