GRE阅读真题机经Passage 50
There have been numerous well-documented extinctions of indigenous species caused by the introduction of non-indigenous predators and pathogens. However, surprisingly few extinctions of indigenous species can be attributed to competition from introduced species. For example, during the past 400 years, 4,000 plant species have been introduced into North America, and these non-indigenous plants currently account for nearly 20 percent of North America’s plant species. Yet no evidence exists that any indigenous North American plant species became extinct as a result of competition from new species. The scarcity of documented extinctions caused by competition from new species could mean that such extinctions take longer to occur than scientists initially believed or, alternatively, that extinctions are rarely caused by competition from non-indigenous species.文章解析
第一部分:
There have been numerous well-documented extinctions of indigenous species caused by the introduction of non-indigenous predators and pathogens. 白话版讲解: 存在这样一种现象,某个地方本的地物种因为引进了外来的predator或病菌而灭绝。关于这两种灭绝,迄今已有大量有详细记录的案例。具体举两个例子,澳大利亚原来有一种兔子,后来从英国引进了一种外来的野狗,专吃这种兔子,兔子就因为野狗这种predator灭亡了。这种灭绝可以称为extinction caused by non-indigenous predators。墨西哥原来有一种玉米,后来引进了一种病菌,专害墨西哥的那种玉米,后来那种玉米就灭绝了。这种灭绝可以称为extinction caused by non-indigenous pathogens。第二部分:
However, surprisingly few extinctions of indigenous species can be attributed to competition from introduced species. 白话版讲解: 然而,本地物种因为外来物种的竞争而灭绝的情况,却令人吃惊地少。 那既然本地物种是predators也怕,pathogens也怕。看起来本土的物种好像很怕外来物种啊,很容易被搞灭绝啊。也不能这么说。本地物种因为外来的物种竞争力太强而灭绝的,就很少很少。少得让人吃惊。澳大利亚原来有一种兔子,后来从英国引进了一种外来的另外一种兔子,这种兔子跟原来的那种兔子抢吃的,导致原来那种兔子灭绝了,这种情况很少发生。墨西哥原来有一种玉米,后来引进了另一种玉米,这种玉米长得更高更快更会抢阳光,从土壤中吸水的能力更强,导致原来那种玉米灭绝了,这种情况很少发生。第三部分:
For example, during the past 400 years, 4,000 plant species have been introduced into North America, and these non-indigenous plants currently account for nearly 20 percent of North America’s plant species. 白话版讲解: 举个例子(就拿北美洲来举例吧):在过去400年,一共有4000种外来植物被引进到了北美洲,这些引进的外来植物,现在占北美总植物种数的约20%。第四部分:
Yet no evidence exists that any indigenous North American plant species became extinct as a result of competition from new species. 白话版讲解: 在现存的一万六千种本土植物中,尽管过去四百年经历了四千种外来植物的引进,但是我们找不到哪怕一种,因为外来植物的竞争而灭绝的证据。 这两句话逻辑是非常隐晦、难理解的。北美洲在过去400年的时间里引进了4000种外来植物,到今天的情况是,北美植物总数是两万种,其中400年以前就有的、存活到今天的原有植物是一万六千种,占80%,近400年引进的外来植物是四千种,占20%。过去四百年,4000种外来植物被引进,势必有跟原有一万六千种植物进行competition的情况发生吧(比如原有一万六千种植物里,苹果总有个十种八种的吧,引进的四千种植物里,苹果总有个三种五种吧,这三五种苹果总可能会跟原来的那十种八种苹果发生competition吧)。但是北美洲现存的一万六千种原有植物,都好好地存续到了今天。在过去四百年的时间里,居然没有一种因为competition而灭绝(因为predators灭绝的本地苹果,有,而且有很多;因为pathogens灭绝的本地苹果,有,而且有很多;因为外来的苹果而灭绝的苹果,就一种都没有)。第五部分:
The scarcity of documented extinctions caused by competition from new species could mean that such extinctions take longer to occur than scientists initially believed or, alternatively, that extinctions are rarely caused by competition from non-indigenous species. 白话版讲解: 记录到的本地植物因为外来植物竞争而灭绝的案例很稀少,意味着什么?意味着两种可能。一种可能是,本土物种被competition搞灭绝这种灭绝法,不是不存在,只是这种灭绝的过程非常缓慢,耗时要六百年八百年,所以到目前为止还没有观察到。另一种可能是,这种灭绝法就不存在,本土物种确实就不会因为competition而被搞灭绝。题目解析
1. The passage is concerned primarily with A. pointing out that a particular type of species extinction is rarely known to occur. B. proposing a possible explanation for conflicting data about a particular type of species extinction. C. resolving a debate about the frequency of a particular type of species extinction. D. comparing two theories regarding possible causes of a particular type of species extinction. E. refuting a proposed explanation for the increasingly rare occurrence of a particular type of species extinction.白话版讲解:
实际上问全文的修辞目的。 全文只是指出了一个现象,即记录到的本地植物因为外来植物竞争而灭绝的案例很稀少。然后用一句话对这个现象的meaning做了一下解读。但全文主要还是指出存在 “某种事很少发生” 这么一个现象,所以A选项正确。 有些同学想选B选项,但根据文章内容,对因为外来物种的竞争而灭绝这一种particular type of species extinction来说,不存在conflicting data。 2. The author introduces statistics about North America’s non-indigenous plant species primarily in order to A. undermine a proposed explanation for the absence of any evidence for the occurrence of a particular phenomenon. B. contrast the effect of introduced plant species in North America with the effect that introduced animal species have had. C. suggest that North America’s indigenous plants are a domain in which there has been ample scope for a particular effect to have occurred. D. emphasize how much the ecology of North America has been affected over the past 400 years by the introduction of non-indigenous species. E. substantiate a claim about the overall effect that the introduction of non-indigenous species tends to have on indigenous populations.白话版讲解:
问作者引入关于北美洲本地植物的统计数据,是为了……? 根据我们对文章的解析,作者的认为,400年的时间里,16000种本地植物,经历4000种外来植物的入侵,总有些本地植物和外来植物的competition会发生吧(对应C选项,本来一万六千种本地植物,这么大一个domain,为extinction caused by non-indigenous competition 的发生提供了ample scope啊),然后转折,yet,no evidence exists……(却一例本地植物因为外来植物的competition而灭绝的例子都没有)。Suprising啊。 有些机构说选E。首先,文章中并不存在对引入外来物种对本地物种会有什么overall effect的claim。 这里需要一些课外知识,外来物种的引进,对本地物种,会有predation的效果,会有poisoning的效果,会有competition的效果,还会有帮助本地某些物种(facilitation)的效果。所以选项E中的overall effect是错的。最关键的是,文章没有提到什么overall effect。 其次,这道题问的是包含statistics的第三句话,没问第四句话。第三句话For example, during the past 400 years, 4,000 plant species have been introduced into North America, and these non-indigenous plants currently account for nearly 20 percent of North America’s plant species.这句话根本没有说北美洲引入外来植物后,what happened,所以不可能substantiate什么对什么的effect。只有讲发生了一些什么事的内容,才能证明什么对什么的effect。TD福利 & 领取方式
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