GRE阅读真题机经及答案解析系列：Passage 81-GRE阅读真题免费下载

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GRE阅读机经 Passage 81

Following the United States Civil War (1861-1865), many former slaves in the rural South became sharecroppers (raising a landlord’ s crop for a share of the profits) or tenant farmers (selling what they raised and paying a share of the profits as rent). Most historians tend to depict these African Americans as victims of racism and the farm tenancy system. This approach, however, overlooks the role played by such African American rural reformers as Robert Lloyd Smith, founder of the Farmers’ Improvement Society of Texas, and Joseph Elward Clayton, the first African American to organize farmers’ institutes for the Texas Department of Agriculture. Both men advocated comfortable homes and better schools for African Americans; both attributed poverty and illiteracy to causes other than racism, such as insect damage to crops; and both worked to keep Black farmers on the land, although Smith opposed farm tenancy. Both were also accused by their contemporaries of downplaying the devastating impact of the farm tenancy system on Black farmers and of accommodating racism. While the extent of these reformers’ influence requires more study, clearly their organizations provided a voice for African American farmers seeking to improve their positions in the agrarian South.

文章解析

第一句：

白话版讲解：

在美国内战结束之后，很多之前的南部地区的奴隶变成了两种佃农——sharecroppers 和 tenant farmers sharecroppers。前者是为地主种植农作物，然后拿收益分成，后者是把自己种的农作物卖了，收益的一部分作为房租交给地主。

第二句：

Most historians tend to depict these African Americans as victims of racism and the farm tenancy system.

白话版讲解：

大部分历史学家把这些看成是种族主义和农场租赁系统的受害者。

第三句：

This approach, however, overlooks the role played by such African American rural reformers as Robert Lloyd Smith, founder of the Farmers’ Improvement Society of Texas, and Joseph Elward Clayton, the first African American to organize farmers’ institutes for the Texas Department of Agriculture.

白话版讲解：

但是，这种观点却忽视了一些非洲裔美国改革家所做出的贡献。Robert Lloyd Smith 和 Joseph Elward Clayton 就是这些非洲裔美国改革家。前者是 Farmers’ Improvement Society of Texas 的创始人，后者是为德克萨斯州农业部创办农民协会的第一个非洲裔美国人。

第四句：

Both men advocated comfortable homes and better schools for African Americans; both attributed poverty and illiteracy to causes other than racism, such as insect damage to crops; and both worked to keep Black farmers on the land, although Smith opposed farm tenancy.

白话版讲解：

两人都提倡为黑人提供舒适的房屋和更好的学校；两人认为是种族歧视之外的其它原因导致了（黑人的）贫穷和文盲；两人都尽力让黑人农民留在土地上，尽管 Smith 反对农场租赁制度。

第五句：

Both were also accused by their contemporaries of downplaying the devastating impact of the farm tenancy system on Black farmers and of accommodating racism.

白话版讲解：

两人都被他们同时代的人指责，认为他们低估了农场租赁系统对黑人农民造成的灾难性后果，还认为他们的做法是在迎合种族歧视制度。

第六句：

While the extent of these reformers’ influence requires more study, clearly their organizations provided a voice for African American farmers seeking to improve their positions in the agrarian South.

白话版讲解：

虽然这些改革家的影响力范围需要进一步研究，但是不管怎么说，他们的组织是有为那些寻求机会提升自己地位的美国黑人农民提供发声机会的。

题目解析

1.The passage is primarily concerned with A. restoring the reputations of two reformers whose accomplishments have long been denigrated by historians. B. refuting criticism of two reformers made by their contemporaries by demonstrating that those criticisms are baseless. C. providing evidence to support a claim that historians’ understanding of a particular phenomenon may be incomplete. D. discussing some of the reasons that two reformers who were well-known during their lifetimes are considered by historians today to have been ineffective. E. suggesting an alternative interpretation of the effect of the farm tenancy system on the economy of the rural South following the Civil War.

第一题问的是原文的主旨大意。这道题应该选 C。原文首先提到了大部分历史学家的观点，随后对这种观点进行了反驳，并给出了证据。 A. 恢复了两位改革家的名誉，这两位改革家的成就长期以来都被历史学家所诋毁。（原文没提到） B. 反驳了两位改革家的同伴对他们的批评，通过表明这些批评是没有根据的。（原文没有提到这些批评是没有根据的。） C. 提供了证据去支持一个说法，历史学家对某个现象的理解可能是片面的。 D. 讨论了一些原因、理由，为什么两个知名的改革家被现在的历史学家认为是能力不足的。（不符合原文） E. 对于农场租赁系统对于南部农村地区的经济所造成的影响，给出了另外一个解释（不符合原文） 2. The author of the passage would most likely agree with which of the following statements concerning Smith and Clayton? A. More research is required to determine whether or not their organizations were typical of those established to aid African American framers in the post-Civil War rural South. B. Their contributions to the improvement of the living conditions of African American framers were overshadowed by subsequent political controversy. C. Their achievements as reformers have been exaggerated by many historians of the post- Civil War period. D. There is evidence demonstrating that they were committed to aiding African American farmers in the rural South. E. The extent of the criticism made about them by their contemporaries is difficult to determine.

第二题问的是，关于 Smith 和 Clayton 这两个人的说法，以下哪个是正确的？这道题应该选 D，原文第四句重点描述了 Smith 和 Clayton 两人为了帮助非洲裔美国农民所做出的努力和贡献。D 选项的内容是对这句话进行了总结。 A. 需要进行更多的研究来判断他们的机构是否属于那些支持南部农村地区的非洲裔美国农民（在内战之后）的机构中的典型代表。（原文并没有提到这些机构是不是典型代表） B. 他们在提升非洲裔美国农民居住环境方面的贡献被后续的政治争论所掩盖。（原文并没有提到这层比较关系） C. 他们作为改革家的成就被很多内战之后的历史学家所夸大了。 D. 有证据表明他们致力于帮助南部农村地区的非洲裔美国农民。 E. 很难以判断同时代的人对他们的批评，其内容范围到达了一个什么样的程度。