托福独立写作，如何快速搞定开头结尾？-托福写作干货分享

独立写作的开头段写作要遵循3要素：introduction, position, (transition)。其中introduction就是引出话题，告知读者整篇文章讨论的话题，position即立场态度，自己对该话题所持有的观点；而transition是过渡，从开头向正文论述部分的过渡，通常会直接从内容和结构上给出全篇的分论点。 Introduction写法最基本的宗旨就是去思考为什么考试要考这个话题，是什么现象什么情况使得这个话题有讨论的价值。要写好引入，宗旨就是去思考为什么考试要考这个话题，是什么现象什么情况使得这个话题有讨论的价值，毕竟，所考的一定是具有实际意义的话题。而我们思考所得的引起该话题的现象等就是我们写作开头段的引子。关于transition，可以不体现。大多数文章的开头段点明自己对话题的观点即可。

1. 开头段-introduction

A．背景引入

?Question： Students in the future can have the choice to learn at home using high-tech innovations, like TV or internet. Do you think they will still attend traditional schools? ?开头： 1) We live in a technology world in which technology gives us many opportunities to improve every aspect of our lives. 2) Now we get the chance to study at home by using technology such as computer or television. 3) This new learning pattern, which I strongly recommend to everyone, will save a lot of time spent on the traveling between schools and living spots; moreover, learners can arrange their time schedule flexibly. ?解析： 1）承担铺垫背景的作用，当我们已经确定了话题态度的时候，可以在开始段铺垫能够支持我们话题态度的背景，比如这里我们的话题态度--online study，那么我们就可以在开头句的时候先铺垫清楚网络/科技给人们带来的好处[improve every aspect of our lives]； 2) 通过前面对科技的正面铺垫，引出我们的话题讨论方向，强调科技给学习带来的影响。

B．概念展开

?Question： TV advertising directed towards children (aged from 2 to 5) should not be allowed. ?开头： 1) Television advertisements have always been controversial because of their commercial nature. Many people do not trust advertisements because they propagandize exaggerated information that may sometimes be false. 2) I believe that advertisements should definitely not be allowed to direct towards young children from the age of two to five. ?解析： 开头段我们可以和话题审题一样，对题目中的关键信息来进行拆分/抽象词具体化，这里我们可以根据话题态度来对advertising来进行拆解，这里我们的话题态度是广告不能面向孩子，所以我们可以把广告把不好的方向下定义，强调广告的虚假性；相反，如果我们的态度是广告可以面向孩子，那我们就可以对广告往好的方向下定义，比如说广告越来越富有创造力/越来越多地传递传递正能量信息。我们在这里表达的虚假性、创造力、正能量信息都是为了我们后面主体段落的观点方向做铺垫的[说明我们后面主体段落会强调虚假性给孩子带来的影响]

C．题目重申

?Question： Some students like classes where teachers lecture (do all of the talking) in class. Other students prefer classes where the students do some of the talking. Which type of class do you prefer? Give specific reasons and details to support your choice. ?开头： There are basically two types of classes in universities. Some students prefer the class in which they can talk because they believe the exchange between teachers and students promotes learning;others will prefer lectures which will deliver far more information to students. I believe that the former will be a better approach . ?解析： 题目重申是最直接和简单的一种开头方式，简而言之就是重述我们题目中可能存在的不同的态度，但是在这样的开头段中，我们可以尝试着加一下让读者能够产生开头和我们主体段落联系的内容，比如我们可以在每个观点后面加一些总结态度信息，这些态度可能会是我们今后主体段落的主要展开方向。

*题目重申高级版

?Question： Because the world is changing so quickly, people now are less happy or less satisfied with their lives than people were in the past. ?开头段： As the society developing rapidly, we can hear such voices sometimes in our life that the modern society makes people morbid and people should retrieve their past life. However, as far as I am concerned, the overall modern life has virtually made people more delighted than before. ?解析： 如果我们的写作速度目前还不足以支持我们在限时时间内完成一篇完整的作文，我们可以选择尽量减少开头部分的语言表达，在做题目重申的时候，只表达对方态度然后直接转折回到我方态度即可

2. 开头段-position

•As far as I am concerned... •For my part, I agree with… •I firmly believe that … •I tend to believe that… •I always hold a strong positive / negative attitude toward… •Most people, including me, cannot agree with the opinion that… •I strongly recommend that …

3. 开头段-transition

与position一起连用，顺承地引出下面要解释的原因，让阅卷人针对文章的结构有初步的了解。常用的表达方式有： My reasons are listed below: There are several reasons and agreements to support my idea. Here, I intend to explain a couple of reasons. I agree with… for the following reasons:

4. 结尾段

当开头段把观点阐释清楚之后，结尾段从信息上讲就成为了最不重要的段落，甚至存在没有结尾段的满分文章——言外之意是如果时间不够了，应该尽可能将中间段写完整，而不是追求结尾段的完整性。时间不充分的时候，结尾只需要在中间段最后加上一句总结文章的话；时间充分的时候，可以写一个简单的独立的结尾段，总结一下观点，总结一下论据（层次）。结尾段要强化阅卷人对文章的整体印象。《新托福考试官方指南》指出结尾短的任务主要有以下几个： 1.讨论作者自己看法的重要性； 2.以不同的措辞复述文章的主题； 3.总结文章的主要论点； 因此在结尾段我们可以采取以下思路来编写： 1.复述文章的主旨； 2.总结各段的论点； 3.提建议、做预测、引语和类比。【非必需】 1）Question： Schools should require students to wear uniform. 结尾段：In closing, the dress code, or uniform, holds a very important function in some types of schools, but not in all. In some schools, the students know what to expect and readily adopt the uniform. In opposition, other schools will never completely accept the idea of the same look, because it goes against the principles of the students and faculty alike. 2）Question： Television, newspapers, magazines, and other media pay too much attention to the personal lives of famous people such as public figures and celebrities. 结尾段：In conclusion, the media should not devote so much coverage to the personal lives of famous people such as public figures and celebrities. On the contrary, they should put in the spotlight more on “unsung heroes”, those who quietly give off their time, talents and finances, to help humanity.

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TD福利环节

上次，Max老师为同学们讲解了主体段如何展开，再结合今天的开头段和结尾段讲解，相信大家也对托福独立写作有了更全面的了解和认知。所以，为了帮助同学们更好的学会展开段落结构，TD托福教研组的老师们特意整理出了一份原创资料《如何写好一个例子》。扫描下方二维码添加TD小马甲微信，发送暗号「好例子」即可领取该资料。如已有马甲微信可直接发送暗号，无需重复添加。