AP环境科学1998年真题下载，含选择题。

Earth Science Concepts

 地质时间表：不需要记忆全部的年代，但需要记住一些重要的年代，如下 Cretaceous白垩纪，一次生物的大灭绝，其中的代表动物为恐龙 Jurassic侏罗纪，蕨类植物常见，恐龙繁盛时期 Cambrian寒武纪，脊索动物首次出现 地球的结构：

Core地核：分为outer core和inner core两部分。外地核是流动的，主要包含了铁 (iron) 元素和硫 (sulfur)元素；内地核是固体，主要包含了铁元素和镍 (nickel) 元素。 Mantle地幔：主要由岩石组成 Crust地壳：地球的最表面，我们生活的地方，也是主要由岩石组成 Asthenosphere软流层：地幔的一部分，为缓慢流动的岩石 Lithosphere岩石圈：包含了地幔的上部和地壳 板块运动：

地球上的主要板块：Juan de Fuca Plate; Pacific Plate; North American Plate; South American Plate; Caribbean Plate; Scotia Plate; African Plate; Eurasian Plate（最大的板块）; Arabian Plate; Indian Plate; Philippine Plate; Australian Plate; Antarctic Plate; Nazca Plate; Cocos Plate 板块运动的几种形式： 1. Divergent plate boundary离散板块边界：Two plates are moving away from each other. This causes a gap that can be filled with magma, and when it cools new crust is formed. 举例：Mid-Atlantic Ridge, East African Great Rift Valley 2. Convergent plate boundary聚合板块边界：Two plates are pushed toward each other, usually causing a subduction zone（俯冲带）or orogenic belt（造山带）. One of the plates will be pushed deep into the mantle. 举例：板块交界处的山脉（如喜马拉雅山脉） 3. Transform (fault) boundary转换断层：Two plates slide from side to side relative to each other. This often causes earthquakes. 地震和火山： 地震： Focus震源：The location at which the earthquake begins within the Earth Epicenter震中：The exact point on the surface of Earth directly above the location where rock ruptures during an earthquake. Richter scale里氏震级：一次地震中最强烈的地表运动，分为10级 Seismograph地震仪：测量地震的强度，而不是预测地震火山： Active volcano 活火山：正在喷发或有喷发纪录 Dormant volcano 休眠火山：有史以来曾经喷发过．但长期以来处于相对静止状态的火山，未来有喷发的可能性 Extinct volcano 死火山：不会再次喷发 Rift volcanoes: Plates move away from each other. Subduction volcanoes: Plates collide and slide over each other. Hot spot volcanoes: Found over “hot spots,” which are areas where magma can rise to the surface through the plates. e.g. The Hawaiian Islands 地轴倾斜角（黄赤交角）：

Seasons are a result of the tilt of the Earth’s axis. 春分（3.21）、秋分（9.23）时，全球昼夜等长，太阳直射赤道夏至（6.22）时，北半球昼达到最长，北极圈内出现极昼现象，南半球全部相反，太阳直射北回归线冬至（12.22）时，北半球昼达到最短，北极圈内出现极夜现象，南半球全部相反，太阳直射南回归线 Tropic of Cancer北回归线，Tropic of Capricorn南回归线 The differences in heating from the equator to the poles help create our global wind pattern.