“SAT考生的老（大难）朋友——穆勒”[/caption]
Patrt 1
✨ 第一自然段：
The time, it is to be hoped, is gone by, when any defense would be necessary of the “liberty of the press” as one of the securities against corrupt or tyrannical government. No argument, we may suppose, can now be needed, against permitting a legislature or an executive, not identified in interest with the people, to prescribe opinions to them, and determine what doctrines or what arguments they shall be allowed to hear. This aspect of the question, besides, has been so often and so triumphantly enforced by preceding writers, that it need not be specially insisted on in this place. …… The time, it is to be hoped, is gone by, when any defense would be necessary of the “liberty of the press” as one of the securities against corrupt or tyrannical government.✨ 当代英语版：
“Liberty of the Press is one of the measures against corrupt or tyrannical government.” In the past this argument needed defense, but we hope that it doesn’t anymore. “A legislative branch or an executive branch of a government which doesn’t share its interest with the people can prescribe opinions to them and determine what doctrines or what arguments they shall or shall not be allowed to hear.” In the past we needed argue against this opinion, but we suppose we needn’t anymore. Besides, we may also suppose that preceding writers have written so many articles that successfully defended the “liberty of the press” that I needn’t repeat their arguments again here. We are wrong in supposing all those things.查看翻译 ▼
（今天的）人们希望，对“新闻出版自由是防止政府腐败和独裁的保障措施之一”这一（明显正确的）观点还需要去辩护的时代，已经过去了。（今天的）我们可能认为，对“某个和人民利益诉求不同的政府立法分支或行政分支，却可以把自己的一些观点强加给人民，（武断地）决定人民可以听什么样的信条、观点，（不可以听什么样的信条、观点）”这样（明显错误）的观点，已经不需要再去一驳了。除此以外，（我们还可能认为），对这一问题的这个方面（的正确观念），迄今为止已经有很多作者如此频繁地（写文章）竭力让大家接受，并且成功地让大家接受了，不需要我在我的这本书里再去强调了。（但是实际情况不是这样，上述正确的观点仍然需要辩护，错误的观点仍然需要反驳。）Part 2
✨ 第二自然段：
Let us suppose, therefore, that the government is entirely at one with the people, and never thinks of exerting any power of coercion unless in agreement with what it conceives to be their voice. But I deny the right of the people to exercise such coercion, either by themselves or by their government. The power itself is illegitimate. The best government has no more title to it than the worst. It is as noxious, or more noxious, when exerted in accordance with public opinion, than when in opposition to it.✨ 当代英语版：
Even if the government shares its interest with the people and only coerces them to listen to an opinion when it thinks they will support the coercion, it is wrong for it to do so. Even the people don’t have the right to coerce themselves. Even the best government doesn’t have the right to determine what opinion the people should hear. Moreover, it is worse when the people agree with the coercion than when the people don’t.查看翻译 ▼
让我们来假设这样一种情况：政府与人民（利益）完全一致，且政府从来不考虑对人民施以强迫，除非政府认为这种强迫是和人民的意见一致的（即人民也赞同这种强迫）。（这种情况好不好呢，我认为也不好，甚至更不好。）因为我认为即使人民自己，也没有权力授权自己或授权政府去对人民自己施以强迫。这种对人民施以强迫的权力本身是非法的。最坏的政府，当然没有资格拥有这种权力，（非但如此），最好的政府也同样没有资格拥有这种权力。政府在人民不赞同这种强迫时对人民施以强迫，政府的这种强迫行为是有害的；而政府在人民赞同这种强迫行为的情况下对人民施以强迫，政府的这种强迫行为是同样有害、甚至更加有害的。Part 3
✨ 第三自然段：
If all mankind minus one, were of one opinion, and only one person were of the contrary opinion, mankind would be no more justified in silencing that one person, than he, if he had the power, would be justified in silencing mankind. Were an opinion a personal possession of no value except to the owner; if to be obstructed in the enjoyment of it were simply a private injury, it would make some difference whether the injury was inflicted only on a few persons or on many. But the peculiar evil of silencing the expression of an opinion is, that it is robbing the human race; posterity as well as the existing generation; those who dissent from the opinion, still more than those who hold it. If the opinion is right, they are deprived of the opportunity of exchanging error for truth: if wrong, they lose, what is almost as great a benefit, the clearer perception and livelier impression of truth, produced by its collision with error.✨ 当代英语版：
Even if all mankind except one person share an opinion, the majority don’t have the right to silence that person. Silencing one person hurts all the mankind. Silencing the expression of an opinion hurts not only this generation but also the next; it hurts not only the minority who is silenced but also the majority themselves who silences the minority because in doing this they will lose the opportunity to let the dissident opinion, no matter correct or incorrect, to test the one hold by them.查看翻译 ▼
如果全人类除一人之外持有同一种观点，只有一个人持有另一种与之相反的观点，那么这个人想禁止全人类表达和他的观点相反的观点，他这样做是没有正当性的； 反过来，全人类想禁止这个人表达和他们的观点相反的观点，他们这样做同样是没有正当性的。如果一个人持有的观点是只对观点持有者自己有价值的财产，如果阻挡禁止一个人持有某个观点只是对个人的一种伤害，那么阻挡禁止一个人持有某个观点就是对一个人加以伤害，阻挡禁止很多人持有某个观点才是对很多人加以伤害。那么就可以说“全人类想禁止这个人表达和他们的观点相反的观点”比“一个人想禁止全人类表达和他的观点相反的观点”更有正当性。 但是实际情况是，一个人持有的观点并不是只对观点持有者自己有价值的财产，阻挡禁止一个人持有某个观点也并不只是对个人的一种伤害，也是对很多人的伤害。（无论是阻挡禁止一个人还是多个人持有某个观点），都是在剥夺全人类的权利；不仅剥夺了人类这一代人的权利，也剥夺了后一代人的权利；不仅剥夺了持有该观点的人的权利，也剥夺了不同意该观点的人的权利，对后者的权利剥夺得还更厉害些。为什么这么说呢？我们分两种情况来看， 第一种情况：假若被禁止的那个观点是正确的，那么那些不同意该观点的人就失去了拿（自己的）错误观点去换正确观点的机会（即纠正自己错误观点的机会）；第二种情况：假若被禁止的那个观点是错的，那么那些不同意该观点的人就失去了几乎和前一种情况（如果观点是错的）一样好的机会，这种机会是通过让自己的正确观点和错误观点碰撞（并战胜错误观点），来使自己对（自己本来就持有的）正确观点有更清晰的感知和印象。（所以无论是哪种情况，禁止他人持有某种观点都会让禁止该观点的人自己吃亏）。补充练习
最后请大家阅读下一个自然段，并做以下两个练习：1、请回答：作者穆勒认为“infallibility”这种现象是可能存在还是不可能存在？ 2、请把All silencing of discussion is an assumption of infallibility. 这句话paraphrase成通俗一点的英语。 We can never be sure that the opinion we are endeavoring to stifle is a false opinion; and if we were sure, stifling it would be an evil still. ……The opinion which it is attempted to suppress by authority may possibly be true. Those who desire to suppress it, of course deny its truth; but they are not infallible. They have no authority to decide the question for all mankind, and exclude every other person from the means of judging. To refuse a hearing to an opinion, because they are sure that it is false, is to assume that their certainty is the same thing as absolute certainty. All silencing of discussion is an assumption of infallibility.[caption id="attachment_24061" align="aligncenter" width="1228"]
文章作者-SAT教研员熊老师[/caption]
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