托福听力艺术类(Arts)背景知识：西方音乐史-古希腊罗马时期的音乐|托福听力背景知识资料免费下载

上一次我们讨论了古罗马的雕塑问题，今天我们把重点转向音乐的发展。这类话题，对于同学们而言并不陌生。但是由于它相比雕塑、绘画这类话题而言，在考试中出现的频率较低，所以很多同学也容易忽略这类话题的练习，从而在音乐类lecture上“栽跟头”。而且有时候当在听力中遇到一些相关的时代背景和艺术特色时，听力内容的难度则又是大大加强了。如果想要能够成功拿下音乐类题目，那么对于音乐发展背景的知识的掌握则是必不可少的。音乐是一种艺术形式和文化活动，其媒介是按时组织的声音。我们在考试当中，主要关注的其实还是西方音乐史的发展。

西方音乐史具体可分为：

古希腊罗马时期音乐中世纪时期音乐 15-18世纪音乐：文艺复兴时期音乐、巴洛克音乐、古典主义音乐 19世纪音乐：浪漫主义音乐 20世纪音乐：现代音乐

古希腊罗马时期音乐

时间约为公元前3200年~公元400年。这部分的音乐资料只能从考古而来，从发掘出的绘画、雕塑及少量流传下来的诗歌文学与哲学著作可以进行了解，但几乎是不可能聆听与欣赏。有资料统计这一阶段残存下来的乐谱还不到10件，但是从残存下来的雕塑等诸多文化遗产可以看出曾经存在过的辉煌与成就，古希腊的大哲学家都曾对音乐进行过讨论与研究，这被后人视为西方音乐之源。 The time is about 3200 B.C. - 400 A.D. This part of the music materials can only be learned from archaeology, from the excavated paintings, sculptures and a small number of handed down poetry, literature and philosophy works, but it is almost impossible to listen to and appreciate. According to statistics, there are less than 10 pieces of music scores left in this stage. However, from the remains of sculpture and many other cultural heritages, we can see that there were brilliant achievements. The great philosophers of ancient Greece had discussed and studied music, which was regarded as the source of western music. 在公元前12世纪~前8世纪荷马时期的两部史诗反映了古希腊的音乐文化。史诗本身既是文学作品又是音乐作品，它由职业弹唱艺人“阿埃德”用一种叫基萨拉(Kithara)的乐器伴奏吟唱。 The two epics in Homer's period from 12th century BC to 8th century BC reflect the music culture of ancient Greece. Epic itself is not only a literary work but also a musical work. It is sung by professional player "ayd" with an instrument called Kithara.

公元前776年，古代奥林匹克运动会开始举行，在比赛时常伴有音乐，后来产生了音乐比赛。 In 776 B.C., the ancient Olympic Games began to be held. Music was often accompanied in the games, and then music competitions came into being. 公元前7世纪~前6世纪，斯巴达把音乐作为国事活动与教育的重要手段，使音乐得到了进一步的发展。 From the 7th century BC to the 6th century BC, Sparta regarded music as an important means of state affairs and education, which made music further developed. 公元前146年后，古罗马征服希腊后，它的文化主要受益于希腊，同时又吸收了叙利亚、巴比伦、埃及等国的文明成果。 After 146 B.C., after the conquest of Greece by ancient Rome, its culture mainly benefited from Greece, and at the same time absorbed the civilization achievements of Syria, Babylon, Egypt and other countries.