托福独立写作如何拿高分？主体段写作要注意哪3个问题？-托福独立写作高分要点

“纸上得来终觉浅，须知此事要躬行”。这句话用来描述托福写作学习再合适不过。评分标准寥寥几句话，不过半小时便可解释完毕，但是要把其中的要求落实，却需要很多的实践，会遇到各种问题。今天，笔者就将结合同学们的习作剖析托福独立写作高分文章中的一个要求—unity。主体段三板斧 “观点-解释-证据支持”无人不知无人不晓。但是写作不是化学方程式，只是配平还不够，我们还需要深入到每个部分的细节和表达。保证一整段浑然一体。

定义

什么是“浑然一体”？以下是主体段unity的定义： Unity means that each paragraph has only one main idea (expressed in the topic sentences) and that all other sentences and details in that paragraph revolve around that main idea. If a sentence or detail does not adhere closely to the central idea expressed in the topic sentence, it does not belong in that paragraph. If a new main idea comes up, a new paragraph is needed. 几个关键点：

1. 一段中主题句之外的部分，都应该围绕主旨展开 2. 如果一句话与主旨联系不紧密，那么该句不应该出现在本段 3. 如果出现了新的观点，应该另起一段

测试

听起来很简单，那我们来测试一下。请大家判断以下段落中哪一句不应该出现在本段： The first reason is that university tutors can provide individualized help for college students. Everyone student different problems, but in regular classes teachers only talk about common problems. If the students have some detailed questions in some aspect, the teacher does not have time to answer everyone's questions. But a tutor can explore every little problem with students. This can also exercise students' thinking ability, so that his ability in all aspects are improved and strengthened.（范例来自学生练习）答案是最后一句。因为本句没有紧紧围绕“individualized help”。同学们经常问的一个问题是字数和分数的关系。殊不知，只看字数并不能判断文章发展的质量。我们需要看“有效论证字数”。如果段落内容没有紧密围绕主旨，那么它对于我们的得分并没有实际帮助。

观点的表达

要做有效论证，我们需要深刻明白主体段的核心—观点—的重要性。观点的说法五花八门，最能够体现它与段落其他部分关系的有两个表达：第一个是controlling idea—即观点控制段落其他部分的走向。因此，我们一定要避免在写作的时候天女散花，想到哪里写到哪里。因为某一句话跟前一句有明显的逻辑关系并不等于该句跟主旨也有支持关系。要牢记：无论写到哪里，都记得回头看看主旨。如果段落其他部分是风筝，那么主旨就是放风筝的人。风筝的源头永远在放风筝的人手中。

第二个对于观点的贴切描述是generalization。既然观点是概括性的，那么其余成分应该在更小的范围进行论证。如果没有缩小论证范围，就会出现以下情况： On one hand, parents can learn new knowledge from children. To be more specific, as time passed, children have more chances to get in touch with new things, like thoughts and technologies; however, parents may not be good at these new fields. Based on this situation, parents can learn this updated information from their children. 只看逻辑，的确是顺畅的。“父母可以学会新知识。（因为）孩子有机会接触这些事物，父母不擅长这些新领域。所以，父母可以从孩子那里学到这些新信息。”但是，仔细看一下内容就会发现这个论证在原地打转。New knowledge—new things—new fields—updated information。说好的进一步解释呢？